The U.S. Supreme Court’s consequential ruling on Section 2 of the Voting Rights Act (VRA), a provision that had previously been used to justify racial gerrymandering, is already reshaping congressional districts across the nation. Following President Donald Trump’s call last year for red states to aggressively redraw congressional district maps and bolster the Republican Party’s majority in the U.S. House of Representatives, Texas and California kicked off a redistricting arms race that has engulfed red states and blue states alike. Here’s where the redistricting battle currently stands across the country.

Alabama

Governor Kay Ivey (R) had initially declined to call a special session of Alabama’s state legislature to redraw congressional district maps, citing ongoing legislation blocking the use of maps drawn in 2023. However, once Alabama Attorney General Steve Marshall (R) filed emergency appeals before the U.S. Supreme Court requesting that lower courts’ injunctions against the 2023 maps be vacated, Ivey agreed to summon the state legislature to redraw congressional district lines, a move expected to net the GOP an additional seat in the U.S. House.

“The Legislature may consider legislation to provide for a special primary election for electing members of the United States House of Representatives,” the governor wrote, “in districts whose boundary lines are altered by a court issuing a judgment, vacating an injunction, or otherwise ordering or permitting an alteration in the boundaries of such districts.”

California

The Golden State was among the first to redraw congressional district boundaries last year, approving Proposition 50 in November, a constitutional amendment allowing the state’s Democrat-controlled legislature to bypass California’s bipartisan redistricting commission and draw its own congressional district maps. When the Democrat-drawn maps were challenged in federal court, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed them to stand, after having previously allowed Texas to redraw its maps and agreeing that they were drawn along partisan and not racial lines. The new California maps are expected to flip five Republican-held U.S. House seats to Democratic control.

Colorado

Democrats in Colorado’s state legislature are also plotting to redistrict. Currently, half (four) of the state’s congressional districts are held by Republicans, but the maps proposed by Democrats would give the party seven slots on the state’s congressional delegation, leaving Republicans with only one. Colorado Republicans, however, have introduced their own proposal that would bolster the GOP’s hold on the current Republican-held districts and redraw the state’s seventh district (currently D+8) to give Republicans a chance to pick up an extra seat in the U.S. House. Neither the Democrat-backed nor the Republican-backed proposal would take effect before the 2028 election.

Florida

Although Governor Ron DeSantis (R) had originally said that Florida’s state legislature would wait until the U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling on the VRA was issued before redistricting, he unveiled proposed new maps for the Sunshine State the day before the court’s opinion was published. Currently, Democrats hold only seven of Florida’s 28 congressional districts, with the most deeply blue district having been vacated by Democratic Rep. Sheila Cherfilus-McCormick, who the House Ethics Committee found guilty of dozens of counts of ethics, rules, and legal violations related to fraud and campaign funding abuse. On Monday, DeSantis signed into law the new maps, which are expected to flip four U.S. House seats representing Florida from blue to red, leaving Democrats only three spaces on the state’s congressional delegation.

Georgia

While many southern states have rushed for a seat at the redistricting in the wake of the Supreme Court’s ruling, the Peach State is unlikely to be among them. Governor Brian Kemp (R), who has publicly feuded with Trump over allegations of voter fraud in the 2020 presidential election, announced late last week that he would neither halt ongoing primary elections nor convene a special legislative session to reshape Georgia’s congressional district maps. “The Supreme Court’s decision [in] Louisiana v. Callais restores fairness to our redistricting process and allows states to pass electoral maps that reflect the will of the voters, not the will of federal judges,” Kemp said in a statement. “Voting is already underway for the 2026 elections, but it’s clear that Callais requires Georgia to adopt new electoral maps before the 2028 election cycle.”

The U.S. Supreme Court’s ruling effectively barred the practice of drawing congressional district boundaries to benefit ethnic minority voting blocs, a practice that resulted in what were called minority-majority districts. In 2023, however, Kemp summoned the legislature for a special session to redraw the state’s congressional district maps after a court ordered the creation of more minority-majority districts. Currently, Republicans hold nine of the state’s 14 congressional districts, while Democrats control four; a fourth is currently vacant following the death of Rep. David Scott last month.

Illinois

A proposed measure in the Illinois state legislature floundered last week, after the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling was published. The initiative would have entrenched partisan redistricting in the state’s constitution, but was at least temporarily shelved by Democrats in light of the high court’s ruling.

Some Democrats, including Illinois Governor J.B. Pritzker (D), have suggested gerrymandering the Prairie State to such an extent that all 17 seats on the state’s congressional delegation go to Democrats, while others have warned that such a move would face an uphill legal battle and may not survive judicial review, even if it were to be approved by the legislature. “There’s a 17-0 map that’s out there, and that’s the nuclear option in Illinois. Yep, it could be done. But what will is there to do the nuclear option?” an unnamed Democrat asked Axios. “I don’t think that that’s there.” The Illinois Legislative Black Caucus also expressed hesitancy about the creation of a 17-to-0 map favoring Democrats, cautioning that the redistricting might “dilute” black voting blocs.

Indiana

The Hoosier State’s Republican-led House of Representatives approved a measure late last year to redraw congressional district boundaries to net the GOP an additional two seats in the U.S. House, but the Indiana Senate, also led by Republicans, rejected the measure, earning Trump’s condemnation and inspiring a host of conservative political action organizations to fund primary challenges against the Republican state senators who killed the measure. U.S. Rep. Marlin Stutzman (R-Ind.) suggested Monday that the state legislature may reconsider redistricting bills, but likely not in time to impact the midterm elections.

Louisiana

Following the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling, Louisiana Governor Jeff Landry (R) halted primary elections in the Bayou State and called a special session of the state legislature to redraw the state’s congressional district maps to reflect the high court’s ruling. Louisiana’s congressional district maps were at the center of the Supreme Court’s decision last week; lower courts had ordered that the state create two minority-majority districts favoring black voters, resulting in two Democrat-held seats in the U.S. House.

“The best way to stop discrimination on the basis of race is to stop discriminating on the basis of race. Here in Louisiana, we’re proud to lead the nation on this charge,” Landry said in a statement accompanying his executive order halting primary races. “Allowing elections to proceed under an unconstitutional map would undermine the integrity of our system and violate the rights of our voters.”

A three-judge federal panel has upheld Landry’s decision and ordered the state legislature to draw new maps in accord with the Supreme Court’s ruling, potentially handing the GOP two more seats in the U.S. House.

In an interview with Family Research Council President Tony Perkins on “This Week on Capitol Hill” over the weekend, House Speaker Mike Johnson (R-La.) lauded the Supreme Court’s decision and expressed his support for redrawing his home state’s congressional district maps. “It’s the right result. [The court] declared that our current map for congressional House districts is unconstitutional, because it was drawn on the basis of race. That’s not appropriate, it’s not constitutional,” he said. “We’re going to get a new map in Louisiana. I think a number of the states in the South may get the same treatment, because their maps are also drawn on an unconstitutional basis,” Johnson anticipated. “At this point, the more people recognize that, the greater the chance is. We get maps that accurately reflect the populations of those states. I think in the end of this, the Republican Party will gain a number of seats, and that will be helpful to the House.”

Maryland

Legislators in the Old Line State, backed by Governor Wes Moore (D), launched a bid earlier this year to redistrict Maryland, breaking up the state’s sole Republican-held congressional district and handing Democrats all eight U.S. House seats representing the state. The measure failed when Maryland Senate President Bill Ferguson (D) refused to bring the legislation to the floor for a vote in the Maryland Senate.

Ferguson warned that an attempt to redistrict would jeopardize the Democratic Party’s current, already-near-total control of the state’s congressional delegation, since the maps being used at present have never been tested before the state’s Supreme Court; five of the court’s seven justices were appointed by Republican Governor Larry Hogan, leading to concerns among more far-sighted Democrats that the court would not view the current maps favorably. Redistricting would, no doubt, trigger legal challenges from Republicans and subject the state’s current maps to judicial review, risking a loss of at least one Democrat-held seat in the U.S. House.

According to Axios, however, some Maryland Democrats may attempt to resurrect the redistricting push in time for the 2028 election. An unnamed state House delegate suggested that if Ferguson, whom he described as an “obstacle,” loses his reelection bid, then Moore and the Democrats may give redistricting another go.

Mississippi

Governor Tate Reeves (R) summoned the Mississippi legislature for a special session to redistrict, slated for the end of May, following publication of the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling. While no new maps have been publicly proposed yet, the move would aim to break up the state’s only Democrat-held congressional district, currently represented by U.S. Rep. Bennie Thompson (D). That district — Louisiana’s second — encompasses nearly the whole of western Mississippi, including three of the state’s 12 most populous cities (Jackson, Greenville, and Clinton). State auditor Shad White described the district as “a gerrymandered district designed to protect” Thompson’s U.S. House seat.

Missouri

Following Texas and California, Missouri was one of the first states to redistrict last year. Governor Mike Kehoe (R) signed into law a new map that drastically expands the state’s 5th Congressional District from its current form, encompassing urban Kansas City and little else, to include rural counties and the northern Ozarks. The new map is expected to remove the district from the control of U.S. Rep. Emmanuel Cleaver (D) and hand it to Republicans, leaving Democrats with only one slot on Missouri’s congressional delegation: the first congressional district, encompassing the whole of St. Louis and much of the northern portion of St. Louis County.

New Jersey

In a weekend appearance on CNN, New Jersey Governor Mikie Sherrill (D) cast the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling as an “attack” coordinated by the Trump administration. “If Trump is going to try to attack fair voting across the country, then New Jersey is going to stand up so that we can create a counterbalance to whatever he’s doing,” the newly-minted governor argued. She said that she would “certainly be willing to work with the legislature” to redistrict but acknowledged that there are “some constitutional limitations on doing it immediately. We’d have to get some votes through.” Sherrill continued that, if red states continue redistricting, she would be more likely to call on state legislators to reshape New Jersey’s congressional district maps.

Currently, Republicans hold three of the 12 U.S. House seats representing New Jersey. The other nine are controlled by Democrats.

New York

While 19 of the Empire State’s 26 congressional districts are held by Democrats, Governor Kathy Hochul (D) announced last week that she and her party in the state legislature are plotting to eliminate as many of the seven GOP-held districts as they can. “I’m working with the Legislature to change New York’s redistricting process so we can fight back against Washington’s attempts to rig our democracy,” Hochul wrote in a social media post responding to the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling. “The Supreme Court has been chipping away at our elections for years. It is clearly carrying out Donald Trump’s will with this decision.”

Earlier this year, however, the Supreme Court shot down an effort to redraw New York’s 11th Congressional District, currently held by Republican Rep. Nicole Malliotakis and encompassing the entirety of Brooklyn and parts of Staten Island. “These cases concern a state-court order that blatantly discriminates on the basis of race,” Supreme Court Justice Samuel Alito wrote at the time, just months before authoring the majority’s opinion gutting Section 2 of the VRA. While ethnic minorities remained a minority in the district, their number had increased sufficiently for Democrat-aligned activist groups to argue that the current congressional district boundaries unfairly diluted their voting power. “That is unadorned racial discrimination,” Alito observed, “an inherently ‘odious’ activity that violates the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause except in the ‘most extraordinary case.’”

North Carolina

Republicans in North Carolina redrew congressional district boundaries last year in a bid to pick up an extra seat in the U.S. House, putting the state’s first congressional district, held by Democrat Don Davis, in play for the 2026 midterms. The measure was passed by both chambers of the state legislature and became law without the signature of Governor Josh Stein (D). The maps were later upheld by a panel of federal judges.

Ohio

The Buckeye State is currently represented in the U.S. House by five Democrats and 10 Republicans, but new maps approved in October are expected to increase the GOP’s space on Ohio’s congressional delegation. Ohio’s Redistricting Commission greenlit new congressional district maps expected to give Republicans an advantage in 12 of the state’s 15 congressional districts. While Democrats fought the measure at the state level, legislators warned that the outcome could have been worse for the Democratic Party. “This is not the congressional map that Ohioans deserve, however, I do believe with this map we have averted a disaster,” Senate Minority Leader Nickie Antonio (D) said, according to the Ohio Capital Journal. The new maps will be used in the 2026 midterm elections.

Tennessee

Governor Bill Lee (R) on Friday called a special session of the Tennessee legislature to redistrict and flip Democrat-held U.S. House seats to Republican hands. “We owe it to Tennesseans to ensure our congressional districts accurately reflect the will of Tennessee voters,” Lee said, in the wake of the U.S. Supreme Court’s VRA ruling. “After consultation with the Lt. Governor, Speaker of the House, Attorney General, and Secretary of State, I believe the General Assembly has a responsibility to review the map and ensure it remains fair, legal, and defensible.”

Republicans currently hold eight of the U.S. House seats representing Tennessee, while Democrat Steve Cohen holds the state’s ninth congressional district, which encompasses Memphis and many of the surrounding suburbs. U.S. Senator Marsha Blackburn (R-Tenn.), who is running for governor of the Volunteer State, called on state legislators to eliminate Cohen’s district. “I urge our state legislature to reconvene to redistrict another Republican seat in Memphis. It’s essential to cement [Trump’s] agenda and the Golden Age of America,” she said in a social media post. “I’ve vowed to keep Tennessee a red state, and as Governor, I’ll do everything I can to make this map a reality.”

Texas

The first state to respond to Trump’s redistricting call-to-arms was the Lone Star State. After a lengthy battle in the state legislature, which saw Democrats flee the state to prevent a quorum, legislators settled on maps that are expected to flip up to five congressional districts from blue to red. Legal challenges ensued and, after a federal court blocked the new maps from being used in 2026, the U.S. Supreme Court weighed in, hinting at its eventual ruling on Section 2 of the VRA and allowing the maps to go into effect. While the lower court had determined that the new Texas maps discriminated on the basis of race, the Supreme Court clarified that the maps appeared to be drawn along partisan lines, irrespective of race.

Virginia

Just months after pledging not to oversee a partisan redistricting push, Virginia Governor Abigail Spanberger (D) approved the Democrat-controlled General Assembly’s bid to aggressively gerrymander Old Dominion, eliminating four Republican seats in the U.S. House and paving the way for Democrats to win 10 of the 11 slots on the state’s congressional delegation. The highly controversial measure narrowly passed in a referendum last month, but certification of the referendum was put on hold by a county court. Virginia’s Supreme Court upheld the injunction while it weighs the legality of the process by which the redistricting measure even made it to the referendum stage in the first place.